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The compatibility problems become main concern in the utilization of biodiesel especially regarding to degradation and corrosion. The present study is conducted to describe the corrosion behaviour that occurs in steel tanks after contact with palm-based biodiesel for a period of 7 months. The storage tank used is respectively made of galvanised steel (GS), carbon steel (CS) and stainless steel (SS). It is performed in vertical cylinders with a floating-roof model. In every 30 days of storage time, the profile changes in the wall, roof and base surface of each tank were observed. The oil fuel properties were monitored in the parameter of viscosity, acid numbers, water content and oil colour. The topographic profiles on the surface of the walls and bottom of each tank wetted by biodiesel were examined over three zones inside the tanks using an endoscope imager. The main results of this study indicate that the tank steel with different protective layers exhibits different types of corrosion. The corrosion was localized in SS tanks but generalized in GS and CS tanks. The oil contamination in SS tanks was relatively lower than that in CS and GS tanks. The type of corrosion performed differently in different zones on the inside of the tank. The potential for leaks is greater at the base than on the walls and roof of the storage tank.

Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan dan memberikan pengetahuan dan wawasan kepada masyarakat Kelurahan Suka Mulya Kecamatan Sematang Borang tentang manfaat limbah minyak goreng sebagai bahan bakar alternatif yang ramah lingkungan. Selain itu, produk dari sosialisasi ini juga diharapkan masyarakat agar lebih waspada dengan penggunaan minyak goreng yang berulang kali karena dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan. Metode yang digunakan dalam program ini adalah sosialisasi, edukasi dan diskusi secara aktif dengan para peserta. Hasil yang diharapkan yaitu meningkatnya kesadaran masyarakat dalam mengolah minyak goreng menjadi produk energi yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menjalankan mesin pertanian. Selain itu, produk biodiesel yang dihasilkan juga ramah lingkungan dan memiliki nilai jual sehingga dapat menjadi daya tarik bagi masyarakat untuk memproduksinya dalam skala UMKM.

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap di Indonesia masih didominasi menggunakan bahan bakar batubara pada boilernya. Semakin tinggi kebutuhan listrik di Indonesia akan membuat kebutuhan batubara semakin tinggi, sehingga limbah fly ash dan bottom ash yang dihasilkan akan semakin banyak. Fly ash dan bottom ash digolongkan dalam limbah B3. Pengujian menggunakan instrument analisa X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) akan diketahui unsur-unsur dan oksida pembawa logam berat yang terkandung dalam limbah fly ash dan bottom ash. Unsur-unsur tersebut antara lain magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), silika (Si), posfor (P), sulfur (S), kalium (K), kalsium (Ca), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), kromium (Cr), mangan (Mn), besi (Fe), kobal (Co), nikel (Ni), tembaga (Cu), seng (Zn), galium (Ga), arsen (As), rubidium (Rb) stronsium (Sr), itrium (Y), zirkon (Zr), argentum (Ag), europium (Eu), timbal (Pb) dalam konsentrasi yang berbeda-beda antara kandungan fly ash dan bottom ash. Beberapa oksida dominan pembawa logam berat yang terdeteksi seperti Fe2O3 sebesar 3,658% pada fly ash dan sebesar 2,237% pada bottom ash; Ag2O pada sampel fly ash kandungannya sebanyak 0,143% dan pada bottom ash sebanyak 0,01%; MnO sebesar 0,036% pada fly ash dan sebanyak 0,015% pada bottom ash serta oksida ZnO dengan kadar sebesar 0,016% pada fly ash dan 0,019% pada bottom ash.

Mercury is a hazardous element because of its toxicity and harmful effects on human health. Various traditional and low-cost methods have been developed to remove mercury from wastewater. This study used local raw material as an alternative adsorbent to treat mercury-contaminated wastewater. Activated bentonite was prepared using different chemical activators (H3PO4, HCl, and ZnCl2) in various concentrations. Then, it was dried at 200°C for an hour. The materials were characterized by SEM-EDS. Its percent removal and isotherm models were analyzed. In this study, the most effective activator was H3PO4 and the experimental data matched the Freundlich model.

Perkembangan industri kelapa sawit di Indonesia semakin berkembang pesat mengingat Indonesia merupakan penghasil terbesar kelapa sawit dunia. Hal ini juga perlu mempertimbangkan penanganan limbah yang dihasilkan. Limbah cair kelapa sawit berpotensi dijadikan biodiesel karena masih mengandung asam lemak bebas dan trigliserida. Angka asam bahan baku sebesar 80 perlu diturunkan dahulu dengan esterifikasi karena dapat menurunkan kualitas dan yield biodiesel jika langsung di tranesterifikasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pemanfaatkan limbah cair kelapa sawit untuk dijadikan biodiesel serta mengetahui kualitas biodiesel (angka asam, %yield, densitas) yang dihasilkan dilihat dari pengaruh jumlah katalis H2SO4 yang digunakan. Pembuatan biodiesel dilakukan dengan esterifikasi dengan variasi katalis H2SO4 (1,25; 1,35; 1,45; 1,55; dan 1,65 % (v/v)) pada suhu 60oC selama 2 jam. Transesterifikasi dilakukan dengan suhu 60oC selama 1 jam dengan katalis NaOH 1,5% (b/b) dan metanol 35% (b/b). Hasil optimum jumlah H2SO4 untuk penurunan angka asam adalah dengan rasio katalis 1,55% dengan hasil angka asam biodiesel menurun dari 80 menjadi 0,52. Yield optimum yang diperoleh sebesar 75,14% untuk variabel katalis 1,35%. Densitas biodiesel untuk semua variabel telah memenuhi SNI 7182:2015 direntang 0,8608-0,8619 (g/ml).

In this work, the catalytic gasification process of coal was studied at different operating temperatures and catalyst weights. The purpose of this study was to study the characteristics of coal oil produced through the gasification process using Nickel Molybdenum (NiMo) catalyst. The effect of adding NiMo catalyst with variations in weight of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% for different gasification temperatures (375 – 385 C, 430 – 440 C, and 475 – 485 C) were studied on coal with a calorific value of 6,400 kcal/kg. The process was done in fluidized bed reactor under atmospheric pressure and an air flow rate of 2 liters/minute was flow for 60 minutes. The results showed that NiMo is effective as a catalyst in the gasification of coal at 430 – 440 C, the addition of 15% weight of catalysts produced coal oil with a yield of 9.35% and the composition of hydrocarbon consists of 59.75% of aromatics, 26.42% of aliphatics, and 7.34% of phenolics. Compared to coal oil without catalyst give a yield of 6.56% with 57.33% of aromatics, 17.44% of aliphatics, and 16.03% of phenolics. This showing that NiMo catalysts have a high selectivity to increase aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in coal oil.

The crisis in petroleum is caused by the diminishing supply of petroleum resources from nature. This phenomenon encourages researchers to continue to look for processes and methods to produce energy from other resources. One of these ways is to produce energy that can be utilized from waste, including converting waste cooking oil into biofuel. This method not only could provide a source of renewable energy, but also help resolve the issue of household waste. The process used to produce biofuel from waste cooking oil is by catalytic cracking, where waste cooking oil after pretreatment is converted into biofuel in the flow reactor with H-USY catalyst. In this research, the reaction temperatures used are 400 °C, 450 °C, 500 °C and 550 °C and reaction times are 30, 45 and 60 minutes with the mass ratio of the amount of waste cooking oil to the amount of catalyst used is 40:1 (w/w). The highest yield of liquid biofuel product was obtained at 60.98%. The use of H-USY catalyst shows that the distribution of components contained in biofuel are 28.02% of diesel products (C 17 -C 20 ), 23.96% of gasoline (C 6 –C 12 ) and 7.78% of Heavy oil (C 20 >) in catalytic cracking of waste cooking oil with a reaction time of 45 minutes at a temperature of 450 °C.

The pyrolysis bio-oil which has been studied by many researchers has typically contained a high amount of water, around 20-30%. In this research, the effective bio-oil purification using chemical demulsification method has been studied to reduce the amount of water by breaking down the water-in-oil emulsion on pyrolysis bio-oil. A various dosage of chemical demulsifier (100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, and 250 ppm) has been added into the pyrolysis bio-oil and the water separation over time also been observed. The temperature of bio-oil (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C) was also studied as a factor that could have a significant effect on the demulsification process of pyrolysis bio-oil. After the injection of 250 ppm of demulsifier at 30 °C, the water separation reached a maximum of 72% in 60 minutes and could reduce the water content from 25% to 8.5%. At the temperature of 60 o C and 250 ppm of demulsifier, the water separation reached a maximum of 96% in 35 minutes, and successfully reduced the water content from 25% to 1.3%. Finally, it has been concluded that this bio-crude purification using chemical demulsification method could be applied to effectively reduce the amount of water from pyrolysis bio-oil product.

ZSM-5 is known as a heterogeneous catalyst in the process of petroleum cracking. Zeolite has narrow pores so it needs synthesis to form mesopore so that reactant molecules can enter the active site in ZSM-5 mesopore. In this study, mesopore formation was carried out by adding Si/Al components with a ratio of 20 derived from tetraethyl orthosilicate, aluminum isopropoxide and TPAOH template with hydrothermal process. The resulting ZSM-5 was characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning and electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD characterization results showed that the ZSM-5 synthesized to form mesopore was seen from a fairly high peak intensity in the range at 2-theta were 8.11, 9.01°; 23.27°; 23.49°; and 24.13°. The results of this study already have the same structure as the commercial ZSM-5. Characterization of SEM-EDS showed that Si-Al and Na elements in ZSM-5 were 96.43%, 3.56% and 0% wt, respectively. With a magnification of 20000x, this cluster is quite homogeneous even though the crystallization formed is not well aggregated. This ZSM-5 catalyst will be applied to the process of biomass into bio-oil.

Fuel contamination is a major issue that comes with the utilization of biodiesel. Microbial growth is one of the primary causes of contamination during fuel handling and storage. This work attempts to identify the types, shapes, and growth profiles of microorganisms on fuel samples. The morphology of microbial colonies presented in order to analyze the potential of fuel contamination. The diesel, biodiesel, and the blends are stored in stainless steel (SS) and glass tanks, where each is placed indoors and outdoors during the 90 days of storage time. The morphology of microbial colonies is observed through a microscope with a magnification of 1000x and the quantity is calculated by a digital colony counter. Microbial contamination in all samples considered as high contamination where the Colony Forming Unit (CFU) is greater than 105 L-1. Colony forms are far more assorted in blends than in pure diesel (B0) and neat biodiesel (B100). The transformation of microbial colonies accelerates after 60 days of storage time. The results reveal that the number of bacterial colonies that grow in B20 is higher and more varied, nevertheless the contamination in B100 is significantly higher. This is indicated by a 1.5-fold rise in B20 acidity and a 2.5-fold increase in water content compared to the initial condition.

Lindi adalah cairan yang ditimbulkan oleh sampah akibat masuknya air eksternal yang dapat melarutkan materi-materi terlarut, termasuk materi-materi organik hasil dekomposisi secara biologi. Lindi dari sebuah landfill (TPA) mengandung zat organik dan anorganik dalam konsentrasi yang tinggi. Dengan adanya gaya gravitasi maka lindi yang terbentuk akan bergerak ke dasar landfill (TPA) akan masuk ke dalam tanah dengan membawa bahan cemaran baik material tersuspensi maupun material terlarut yang dapat mencemari air tanah. Salah satu proses pengolahan lindi adalah dengan menggunakan reagen Fenton dan adsorpsi yang termasuk dalam teknologi Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). AOPs didasarkan pada pembentukan spesies yang sangat reaktif seperti radikal hidroksil (OH•) yang efektif untuk menurunkan COD, BOD dan TSS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengolah lindi menggunakan reagen Fenton dan adsorpsi serta mempelajari rasio molar Reagen Fenton dan waktu pengadukan terhadap penurunan COD, BOD dan TSS. Pada penelitian ini lindi diolah selama 30-120 menit. Kondisi optimum dicapai pada rasio molar 1:200, waktu pengadukan 120 menit, dan adsorpsi menggunakan karbon aktif selama 120 menit dimana penurunan COD, BOD dan TSS maksimum yang dicapai berturut-turut 95%, 95% dan 92% dengan nilai konsentrasi akhir 96 mg/L, 25,5 mg/L% dan 90 mg/L. Kata Kunci: Lindi, Reagen Fenton, AOPs, COD, BOD, TSS ABSTRACT Leachate is a liquid generated by waste due to the entry of external water that can dissolve dissolved materials, including decomposition of organic matter biologically. Leachate from a landfill (TPA) contains organic and inorganic substances in high concentrations. by gravitational force, the leachate formed will move to the bottom of the landfill (TPA) and will enter the soil by carrying contaminated material, both suspended material and dissolved material that can pollute ground water. One of the leachate treatment processes is using Fenton reagent and adsorption. Fenton method included in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) technology. AOPs are based on the formation of highly reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals (OH•) which are effective for reducing COD and BOD. This study aims to treat leachate by using Fenton reagent and adsorption. The effect of reagent Fenton molar ratio and stirring time on degradation of COD, BOD and TSS were also investigated. In this study leachate was processed for 30-120 minutes. the optimum conditions were achieved at a molar ratio of 1: 200, stirring time of 120 minutes, and adsorption using 120 minutes of activated carbon where the maximum decrease in COD, BOD and TSS achieved was 95%, 95% and 92% with a final concentration of 96 mg/L, 25.5 mg/ L and 90 mg/ L. Keywords : Leachate, Fenton Reagent, AOPs, COD, BOD, TSS

Biodiesel is a alternative fuel that can be obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats through transesterification reactions with alcohol. Biodiesel has numerous advantages compared to diesel oil, namely: it is a renewable energy resource, it is not toxic, and it is environmentally friendly because the raw material does not contain sulfur and low emissions. Biodiesel production is inseparable from the availability of raw materials, until now the raw materials that meet the needs of production capacity are palm oil (CPO). To overcome this problem, in this study we want to find out how much biodiesel conversion percentage if we use other raw materials such as: CPO oil, corn oil, VCO oil, and waste cooking oil. The analysis used in this study was the analysis of the use of raw materials to the value of biodiesel conversion using the Stastical Process Control (SPC) method. SPC method was used to analyze, manage, control, and improve a product and process using statistics. The objective of this study was to produce high conversion percentage biodiesel, and analyze and control the quality of research products. By having this statistical methods, it could be found errors in a study or out of control production so that further action can be taken to overcome them. In this study, it was found that the product which was outside of the control limit was biodiesel made from CPO and waste cooking oil. The results of the analysis using cause and effect diagrams could determine the causes of damage in the production process, which come from the factors of workers/humans, production machines, working methods, materials/raw materials and work environment.

The catalytic cracking of waste cooking oil was investigated at various operating temperatures and reaction time in this paper. The purpose of this research was to study the characteristics of biofuel produced through the catalytic cracking process using the combination of catalyst H-USY and ZSM-5 with mass ratio 0.5:0.5 (w/w). The effect of combined catalyst with variation in operating temperatures (400 °C, 450 °C, 500 °C and 550 °C) and reaction times (30, 45 and 60 min) were studied on waste cooking oil after pretreatment. The ratio by mass of waste cooking oil to the amount of catalyst used is 40:1 (w/w). The process was carried out in a flow reactor under the atmospheric pressure (1 atm) and an air flow rate of 100 cc/min. The result showed that the combined catalyst is most effective in the catalytic cracking of waste cooking oil at 450 °C reaction temperature and 60 min reaction time. Under these optimal conditions, the percentage yield by mass of liquid biofuel product was 49.35 % with a product composition of 15.71 % gasoline (C6 –C12), 11.97 % diesel products (C17 −C20), and 1.09 % Heavy oil (C20 >).

The use of biodiesel in boilers has great benefits because it reduces exhaust emissions. The purpose of this study is to test the quality of fossil diesel and biodiesel oil as fuel for fire Tube Boiler. The research is conducted by analyzing the concentration of exhaust gases (NOx, CO2, SO2) which is emitted by the Fire Tube Boiler. The combustion system in boiler tends to be simpler than compression ignition as is done with diesel engines. In this research, The authors are using a fire tube boiler, with a heat input rate of 60,000 kCal/hour and a pressure of 3 bar gauge. Biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO), is blended with fossil diesel oil in various concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% ( B0, B5, B10, B15, B20 nd B25) and used as fuel for the boiler. This research is carried out experimentally by testing the exhaust gas emitted from the stack. The stack is expected to produce a low exhaust emission and environmentally friendly. The results show that the increase of biodiesel percentage in fossil fuel can reduce the concentration of some hazardous compound in exhaust gas emission. The lowest concentration of the hazardous compound has emitted the boiler which uses a blending of 25 % biodiesel and 75 % fossil diesel (B25) as its fuel. The lowest exhaust gas emissions are 4.142 ppm (NOX); 12.50 ppm (SO2) and 7.9% (CO2).

The aims of the research to develop nanotechnology with the use of bentonite as adsorbent cooper metal (Cu). Bentonite activation treatment performed. The parameters studied in this research is a variation of the mass of bentonite, contact time and adsorption capacity. Measurements were made using AAS. Activation of bentonite using a solution of HCl 1.6 M. In experiments conducted bentonite weight variation of 0.1; 0.3; and 0.5 gr with a contact time of 30,60,90 and 120 s. The results showed that the decreased absorption of active bentonite is 96.8 and 99,7% bentonit not activated Thus discovered a new phenomenon which is not activated bentonite is have a better ability to absorb copper compared to the activated bentonite.

Anthracite and Sub-bituminous as activated carbon raw material had been utilized especially in mining field as adsorbent of dangerous heavy metal compound resulted in mining activity. Carbon from coal was activated physically and chemically in various temperature and particle sizes. Characterization was carried out in order to determine the adsorbent specification produced hence can be used and applied accordingly. Proximate and ultimate analysis concluded anthracite has fixed carbon 88.91% while sub-bituminous 49.05%. NaOH was used in chemical activation while heated at 400-500°C whereas physical activation was conducted at 800-1000°C. Activated carbon has high activity in adsorbing indicated by high iodine number resulted from analysis. SEM-EDS result confirmed that activated carbon made from coal has the quality in accordance to SNI and can be used as adsorbent in acid water treatment.

This paper discusses the use of calcium carbide residue to absorb iron (II) ions in acidic water. In this research, the acidic water was made synthetically using FeSO4. 7H2O and processed by batch adsorption methodusing calcium carbide residue as an adsorbent. This study aims to determine the characteristics of adsorbent, absorption capacity and removal efficiency. The concentrations of Iron (II) ions was varied between 40 and 100 mg/L, at the pH of solution of 2.5, adsorbent mass of 5 g, and stirring speed of 200 RPM. Contact time was ranged from 5 to 60 min. The experimental results show that at the 60 min contact time, calcium carbide residue was able to increase the pH from 2.5 to 12.8 and decreased the iron concentration by 99.73%. The process of adsorption of iron (II) metal ions with calcium carbide residue was fitted well with Langmuir’s isotherms adsorption model.

The environmental pollution caused by the waste and the strict regulations of waste were currently a major concern for industries, such as the palm oil industry. Constraints experienced today are the difficulty of degradation process of the waste due to the high quantity and the content of contaminants in the waste. One of the efforts that can be prepared to reduce the negative impact is by using the waste as a raw material for biodiesel. Among the potential wastes to become a raw material for making the biodiesel is the wastewater from the cooling pond as a part of the wastewater treatment in palm oil industry. The objectives of this research are to study the process of oil separation from wastewater cooling pond by liquid-liquid extraction method to recover oil and use it as a raw material for making biodiesel. Extraction was carried out at room temperature. The solvent type, wastewater sample to solvent ratio, and extraction time were varied. Based on the results, the highest oil yield of 90% was reached by using n-hexane solvent, the wastewater sample to solvent ratio of 2: 3, and extraction time of 72 hours, while the acid number of 78.49 mg KOH/g oil was obtained. The separated oil can be used as a raw material for making biodiesel through the esterification and transesterification processes. The biodiesel produced has been met the standard of SNI 0471822006 for kinematic viscosity (0.83 cSt), acid number (0.54 mg KOH/g), methyl ester (99.40%), free glycerol (0.01%), and total glycerol (0.13%).

Ethyl ester or biodiesel that is an alternative energy because of its renewable nature. The production of ethyl ester involves an alcoholysis reaction between ethanol and triglycerides using a strong base catalyst. The source of triglycerides is derived from used frying oil to increase the economic value of used frying oil whose production in indonesia reaches 4 million tons/year. Used frying oil is taken from restaurants in Palembang, South Sumatra. It has free fatty acid values of 1.024% so that transesterification can be carried out directly using a strong KOH base catalyst. The research was conducted using an electrolysis reaction with NaCl as an electrolyte. Variations of made to the type of electrodes, namely aluminum and stainless steel, the reaction time was 3 hours; 3.5 hours; 4 hours; 4.5 hours; and 5 hours and the supplied current voltage which is 15 V; 25 V; 35 V to see the effect on the percent yield of ethyl ester produced. The highest percent yield of Ethyl Ester was obtained samples with a reaction time of 3.5 hours, a voltage of 35 V, and an aluminum electrode of 99.8%.

Leachate is water which is formed in a pile of garbage that dissolves a lot of existing compounds so that it has a very high pollutant content, especially organics substances. Leachate has the potential to cause water pollution, both surface water, ground water and underground water, so it needs to be managed properly. Leachate processing uses a combination of electrocoagulation and aeration methods. The objective of this study is to determine leachate characteristics before and after the processes, the optimum treatment conditions, and the effectiveness of the treatment processes in reducing pollutant content. Electrocoagulation is able to reduce the characteristics of the waste pollutant content in terms of increasing pH and decreasing total disolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and waste turbidity. This condition occurs due to the process of coagulation of pollutants by applying electric current to electrochemical reactions. The working principle of electrocoagulation is the dissolution of anode metal (M+), which reacts with hydroxyl ions (OH-) to form coagulants. The experiment was conducted in batch, where the leachate is put into an electrochemical cell containing 2 aluminum electrodes with dimensions of 10 cm x 10 cm. The parameters varied are the aeration process and variations in the addition of NaCl. The optimum conditions are achieved in the electrocoagulation process with aeration and the addition of 2 g/L NaCl. The most significant processing effectiveness of the process is TDS 34.06%, TSS 81.46%, COD 54.26%, BOD5 53.76%, and turbidity 92.92% respectively.

The Palm Oil Factory produces wastewater containing high enough Phosphor (P). High levels of Phosphor can cause pollution load for the environment, so it needs to be lowered. The decrease of this content can be done by adsorption process using bentonite as adsorbent. The purpose of this research is to determine the absorption of activated bentonite to the absorption of Phosphor contained in waste water. Phosphor measurements were performed using the UV-vis Spectrophotometric Instrument. Bentonite was activated using HCl 1.6 M. Characterization of bentonite using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Divertive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results showed that bentonite was able to adsorb Phosphor contained in the waste water of Palm Oil Factory, with adsorption capacity> 90%. Activated Bentonite has greater power capability than natural bentonite.

The parameters such as colour, pH, iron, TDS and organic matter are the indicater of water quality and these can be improved using specific treatment. In present study, clean chemically bentone (CCBN) a local raw material was used to process peat water. The ISO and ASTM, UV-visible and AAS standard methods were used to measure the respective parameters. Bentonite, active carbon, seashells and clean chemically bentone were characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDS. By supporting bentonite on material clean chemically bentone was prepared, total 61 combination was prepared and four best formulations were CCBNBT56’5’1, CCBNBB56’5’1, CCBNBCs5651 and CCBNBP5651 used for peat water treatment. These best formulations showed good ability to improve the peat water quality and dose of 1 g/500 mL increased the pH up to 7. As a result of treatment, the peat colour reduced up to 93.99 %, whereas 86.69 % organic matter and 89.47 %. Fe concents were reduced using CCBN56’5’1 formulation. The composition of formulation was kaolinite mineral [Al2Si2O5(OH)2], quarsa (SiO2), montmorillonite (OH)4Si8Al4O20·nH2O, cristobalite (SiO2), portlandite [Ca(OH)2], calcit (CaCO3) and muscovite (KNaAl2(SiAl)4O10(OH)2, with an average specific gravity (density 2.5245 g cm-3 and μ/dx mix 52.8 cm2 g-1). From results, it can be concluded that the material prepared from bentonite can be used for the removal of colour, organic matter and Fe contents of peat water.

Biodiesel has great potential to be applied in a variety of combustion engines, such as boiler. The excess air control in the combustion process plays an important role to produce an ideal combustion performance. The changes in the physical properties of the fuel due to the use of palm biodiesel or its blends affect the amount of required air to the combustion chamber. This study was conducted in a package type fire tube boiler with a design pressure of 3 bars and heat capacity of 60,000 kCal/hour. Palm biodiesel blends were set as boiler fuel with composition of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% in diesel oil. Fan damper scale is part of the burner system that in charge to regulate the air flow into the combustion chamber. The fan damper scale was set in the range of 4.0-4.9. For higher blends of biodiesel, the fan damper was optimum in lower scale (4.0 or less). More biodiesel in blends, less combustion air was needed to enter. Hence, the excess air of palm biodiesel combustion in fire tube boiler was in range of 57-66%.

Spent acid waste is produced in the petroleum processing industry at the alkylation process unit that requires sulfuric acid as a catalyst to produce iso-octane. Therefore, spent acid contains sulfuric acid attached to a long chain carbon and other compounds. This compound is corrosive and has a pH below 1.0, so that it cannot be directly discharged into the environment. The processing and utilization of spent acid to meet environmental quality standards need to be conducted. This study aimed to conduct waste treatment of spent acid and to recover sulfuric acid from the spent acid solution because the level of H 2 SO 4 is high at about 82%, then the sulfuric acid can be reused in the alkylation process or other processes. Adsorption method was selected to process the waste using bentonite as adsorbent in 3 stages adsorption columns. The results showed that the recovery of H 2 SO 4 was successful in which the purity of H 2 SO 4 generated after distillation reached 94.94%.

The bark of Acacia mangium is lignocellulosic biomass from waste pulp which can be recovered by means of hydrolyse to produce simple sugar called glucose. To produce glucose, there are two stages of the process performed is process using solvent delignification NaOH and KOH. The parameters analyzed were the biomass with a solvent ratio (1:6, 1:8, 1:10, 1:12). The second stage cellulose is then hydrolyzed to see the influence of sulfuric acid concentration of the resulting glucose content (0.1; 0.25; 0.40; 0.55% (v/v)).Lignin removal efficiency using NaOH and KOH solvent that is almost equal to 62.39%. Decrease hemicellulose using KOH solvent (36%) are more efficient than solvent only 29.3% NaOH. Efficiency increased levels of cellulose using NaOH or KOH solvent almost equal approximately 85.5%, but with KOH the lower alkaline properties provide a more stable rise. Solvent delignification process with NaOH provide large enough glucose content at a ratio of 1: 6 and 1: 8 with sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 and 0.5% v/v. Increased glucose content in the solvent of NaOH at a ratio of 1:6 reached 69.88 ppm for sulfuric acid concentration of 0.55% v/v, whereas the content of glucose degradation products of cellulose with delignification process using KOH solvent is in the range of 3.25 ppm to 77.67 ppm. The highest value is produced by the hydrolysis of cellulose to the sulfuric acid concentration of 0.4% v/v, and the KOH solvent ratio is 1:10. The higher the ratio, the lower the KOH solvent content of glucose produced.